ECOWAS
De Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS; dem san know am as CEDEAO insyd French den Portuguese) ebe regional political den economic union for fifteen countries wey dey insyd West Africa. Collectively, dese countries dey comprise area of 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi) wey e get estimated population of ova 424.34 million.[1]
| Year dem found am | 28 May 1975  |
|---|---|
| Official name | Economic Community of West African States, Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental |
| Native label | Westafrikanische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft |
| Field for work | economic integration, military policy |
| Chairperson | Bola Tinubu |
| General secretary | Omar Touray |
| Official language | French, English, Portuguese |
| Edey de administrative territorial entity insyd | West Africa |
| Partnership with | International Fund for Agricultural Development |
| Demma headquarters location | Abuja |
| Dema official website | http://www.ecowas.int/ |
| Official observer status in organisation | United Nations General Assembly, International Organization for Migration |
Dem dey consider am as ebe one of de pillar regional blocs for de continent-wide African Economic Community (AEC), dem state de goal of ECOWAS be say dem go achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for ein member states as dem dey create single large trade bloc by building a full economic den trading union. Additionally, ECOWAS dey aim make e raise living standards den promote economic development.[2] Na dem establish de union for 28 May 1975, plus de signing of de Treaty of Lagos, plus ein mission dem state make e promote economic integration across de region. Na dem gree version dem revise of de treaty wey dem sign am for 24 July 1993 insyd Cotonou, de largest city for Benin insyd.[3]
ECOWAS ein fundamental principles dey rely for equity, inter-dependence, solidarity, co-operation, nonaggression, regional peace, promotion of human rights, den economic and social justice top.[4]
Notably among ECOWAS ein protocols den plans be de ECOWAS Free Movement of Persons, Residences and Establishment Protocol den de Ecotour Action Plan 2019–2029. De Free Movement of Persons Protocol dey permit citizens de right make dem enter den reside for any member state ein territory insyd,[5] den de Ecotour Action Plan dey aim make e develop den integrate de tourist industry of each member state.[6]
De ECOWAS san dey serve as peacekeeping force insyd de region, plus member states wey occasionally dem dey send joint military forces go intervene de bloc ein member countries if dem dey political instability den unrest insyd.[7][8]
Member states
editAs of February 2017, ECOWAS get 15 member states; eight of dem be French-speaking, five be English-speaking, den two Portuguese-speaking. All current members dey join de community as ein founding members insyd May 1975, ebe only Cape Verde wey join insyd 1977.[9][10]
De only former member of ECOWAS be Arabic-speaking Mauritania, wey dem san be one of de founding members insyd 1975 den decide say ego withdraw insyd December 2000.[9] Mauritania recently cam sign new associate-membership agreement insyd August 2017.[11]
Morocco officially request say ewan join ECOWAS insyd February 2017.[12] Dema application be endorse in principle at de summit of heads of state insyd June 2017,[13][14] buh Morocco ein bid for membership dem stall am.[15]
ECOWAS suspend Mali on 30 May 2021, as edey follow ein second military coup within nine months.[16] Guinea too dem suspend am on 8 September 2021, shortly after military coup take place insyd de country.[17][18] Sanctions wey dem place for both countries top for 16 September.[19] For 10 January 2022, Mali cam announce ein decision say ego close ein borders den recall ein several ambassadors plus dem go give ECOWAS response sake of dema sanctions wey dem put for dema top sake of dem defer dema elections for four years. On 28 January 2022, Burkina Faso dem suspend am from ECOWAS secof military coup.[20]
| Country | Area[21]
(km2) |
Population[22]
(thousands) |
GDP (nominal)
(millions USD) |
GDP (PPP)
(millions intl.$) |
Currency | Official
language |
Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin | 114,763 | 10,880 | 8,291 | 22,377 | CFA franc | French | — |
| Burkina Faso | 272,967 | 18,106 | 10,678 | 30,708 | CFA franc | French | Dem suspend |
| Cape Verde | 4,033 | 521 | 1,603 | 3,413 | escudo | Portuguese | — |
| The Gambia | 11,295 | 1,991 | 939 | 3,344 | dalasi | English | — |
| Ghana | 238,533 | 27,410 | 37,543 | 115,409 | cedi | English | — |
| Guinea | 245,857 | 12,609 | 6,699 | 15,244 | franc | French | Dem suspend |
| Guinea-Bissau | 36,125 | 1,844 | 1,057 | 2,685 | CFA franc | Portuguese | — |
| Ivory Coast | 322,463 | 22,702 | 31,759 | 79,766 | CFA franc | French | — |
| Liberia | 111,369 | 4,503 | 2,053 | 3,762 | dollar | English | — |
| Mali | 1,240,192 | 17,600 | 12,747 | 35,695 | CFA franc | Bambara | Dem suspend |
| Niger | 1,267,000 | 19,899 | 7,143 | 19,013 | CFA franc | French | Dem suspend |
| Nigeria | 923,768 | 211,400 | 481,066 | 1,093,921 | naira | English | — |
| Senegal | 196,712 | 15,129 | 13,610 | 36,625 | CFA franc | French | — |
| Sierra Leone | 72,300 | 6,453 | 4,215 | 10,127 | leone | English | — |
| Togo | 56,785 | 7,305 | 4,088 | 10,667 | CFA franc | French | — |
| Total | 5,114,162 | 338,052 | 623,491 | 1,482,756 | — | ||
Statistics for dema population, nominal GDP den purchasing power parity GDP we list dem for de below down dare. We carry all dese from World Bank ein estimates for 2015, as dem publish insyd December 2016.[23][24][25] Area data too dem take from a 2012 report as dem compile am by de United Nations Statistics Division.[26]
Structure
editExecutive secretaries den presidos of de commission
edit| Executive Secretary | Country | For office insyd |
|---|---|---|
| Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara[27] | Ivory Coast | January 1977 – 1985 |
| Momodu Munu | Sierra Leone | 1985–1989 |
| Abass Bundu | 1989–1993 | |
| Édouard Benjamin | Guinea | 1993–1997 |
| Lansana Kouyaté | September 1997 – 31 January 2002 | |
| Mohamed Ibn Chambas | Ghana | 1 February 2002 – 31 December 2006 |
| Mohamed Ibn Chambas | 1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 | |
| James Victor Gbeho | 18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 | |
| Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo | Burkina Faso | 1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |
| Marcel Alain de Souza | Benin | 4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |
| Jean-Claude Brou | Ivory Coast | 1 March 2018 – 3 July 2022 |
| Omar Touray | Gambia | 3 July 2022 – Till date |
| Chairperson | Country | In office |
|---|---|---|
| Yakubu Gowon | Nigeria | 28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |
| Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Togo | 29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |
| Olusegun Obasanjo | Nigeria | 13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |
| Léopold Sédar Senghor | Senegal | 30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |
| Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Togo | 1980–1981 |
| Siaka Stevens | Sierra Leone | 1981–1982 |
| Mathieu Kérékou | Benin | 1982–1983 |
| Ahmed Sékou Touré | Guinea | 1983–1984 |
| Lansana Conté | 1984–1985 | |
| Muhammadu Buhari | Nigeria | 1985 – 27 August 1985 |
| Ibrahim Babangida | 27 August 1985 – 1989 | |
| Dawda Jawara | Gambia | 1989–1990 |
| Blaise Compaoré | Burkina Faso | 1990–1991 |
| Dawda Jawara | Gambia | 1991–1992 |
| Abdou Diouf | Senegal | 1992–1993 |
| Nicéphore Soglo | Benin | 1993–1994 |
| Jerry Rawlings | Ghana | 1994 – 27 July 1996 |
| Sani Abacha | Nigeria | 27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |
| Abdulsalami Abubakar | 9 June 1998 – 1999 | |
| Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Togo | 1999–1999 |
| Alpha Oumar Konaré | Mali | 1999 – 21 December 2001 |
| Abdoulaye Wade | Senegal | 21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |
| John Kufuor | Ghana | 31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |
| Mamadou Tandja | Niger | 19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |
| Blaise Compaoré | Burkina Faso | 19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |
| Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | Nigeria | 19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |
| Goodluck Jonathan | 18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 | |
| Alassane Ouattara | Ivory Coast | 17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |
| John Mahama | Ghana | 17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |
| Macky Sall | Senegal | 19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |
| Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | Liberia | 4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |
| Faure Gnassingbé | Togo | 4 June 2017 – 31 July 2018 |
| Muhammadu Buhari | Nigeria | 31 July 2018 – 29 June 2019 |
| Mahamadou Issoufou | Niger | 29 June 2019 – 2 June 2020 |
| Nana Akufo-Addo | Ghana | 2 June 2020 – 3 July 2022 |
| Umaro Sissoco Embaló | Guinea-Bissau | 3 July 2022 – 9 July 2023 |
| Bola Tinubu | Nigeria | 9 July 2023 – Till date |
Community Parliament
editDe Community Parliament dey consist of 115 members, dem distribute based on de population of each member state.[29] De Speaker of de Parliament dey head dis body, wey be above de Secretary General.
| Country | Parliament Seats |
|---|---|
| Benin | 5 |
| Burkina Faso | 6 |
| Cape Verde | 5 |
| Gambia | 5 |
| Ghana | 8 |
| Guinea | 6 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 5 |
| Ivory Coast | 7 |
| Liberia | 5 |
| Mali | 6 |
| Niger | 6 |
| Nigeria | 35 |
| Senegal | 6 |
| Sierra Leone | 5 |
| Togo | 5 |
References
edit- ↑ "Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States". Worlddata.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ↑ "Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)". United States Trade Representative. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ "Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub". investmentpolicy.unctad.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. "Fundamental Principles | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)". Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ↑ Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). "Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 29 (3): 120–144. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq032.
- ↑ "ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism". Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019. ProQuest 2232643790.
- ↑ Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). "West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia". Jane's Defence Weekly.
- ↑ "The 5 previous West African military interventions". Yahoo News. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Pazzanita, Anthony (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4.
- ↑ Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), "Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco's Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)", Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
- ↑ Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019). "Like a magnet". D+C, Development and Cooperation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ↑ "Afrique". Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019.
- ↑ "Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government". 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ↑ Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), "Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco's Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)", Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-34295-1, S2CID 216250685
- ↑ Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020). "Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough". Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ↑ "ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months". Al Jazeera. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
- ↑ Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.). "West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925
- ↑ Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.). "West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ↑ "West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso's membership over coup". France 24. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ↑ "Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ "Population 2015" (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ "Population 2015" (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ "Gross domestic product 2015" (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ "Gross domestic product 2015, PPP" (PDF). World Bank. 16 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ "Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). "The Economic Community of West African States and International Law". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 27 (2): 233–250. doi:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160849. S2CID 154306079.
- ↑ History, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024, archived from the original on 14 January 2024, retrieved 30 January 2024
- ↑ "About Us – ECOWAS Parliament". ecowasparliament. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.